International Journal of Research and Reports in Gynaecology

Potential Contribution of Exposure to Insecticide Used in Nigeria to the Development of Dyslipidaemia and Hormonal Disorder in Male and Female Albino Wistar Rats

Ganiyu O. Adeosun *

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo, Nigeria.

David D. Ajayi

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Federal University, Oye Ekiti, Nigeria.

Thomas A. Mokwogwu

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faulty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.

Oloruntoba A. Ekun

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria.

Remilekun Akinrinmade

Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Medical Science, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Magnus M. C. Anyakudo

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo, Nigeria.

Samuel O. Oyedeji

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo, Nigeria.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

---

Abstract

Background: Raid is a routine liquid insecticide used frequently in the domestic homes to keep away mosquitoes from biting its human prey. The application of insecticide is not usually guided in most homes. This may portend some danger to the lipid and reproductive health of man. The study aims to evaluate the effect of the routine household insecticide used in Nigeria on the Lipids and reproductive hormones in male and female albino Wistar rat.

Methodology: Forty apparently healthy Wistar albino rats comprising 20 males and 20 females’ rats were grouped in to 5 with an average weight of 110 ± 20g were exposed once a day to the fume of aqueous solution of Raid in an air tight exposure chamber for 28days. Control Wista albino were kept under normal sterile environment in the animal house devoid of insecticide pollution for 28days. The animals were fed with standard feed and water. Blood specimens were harvested through cardiac puncture after overnight fast and 28 days exposure.

Triglyceride, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL cholesterol, LH, FSH, Estrogen., Progesterone and testosterone were evaluated at the end of exposure period using a reference method.

Results: Exposure to the domestic insecticide significantly induced weight loss indicated by marked decrease in weight of both the exposed and un -exposes groups. The pyrenoid of the insecticide have no significant effect on the lipid profile indices of the exposed Wistar albino rats. Similarly, exposure of the rats to the insecticide had no significant effect on the FSH and progesterone levels. However, the LH, Oestrogen and β- HCG were significantly altered among the female experimental animals. LH only was significantly raised among the male albino rats exposed to the insecticide.

Conclusion: Acute exposure to domestic insecticide has no significant effect on the lipid profile, but alters the concentrations of LH and β- hCG hormones in the albino Wistar rats.

Keywords: Albino Wistar rat, reproductive and lipidemic effect, raid, insecticide

---

---

---

References

Pathak VM, Verma VK, Rawat BS, Kaur B, Babu N, Sharma A, et al. Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:962619. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619

Rasheed S L, E Rasheed a S. Formulation of Essential Oil Pesticides Technology and their Application. Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J. 2017;9(2):555759 DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2017.09.555759

Sudo M, Yamanaka T, Miyai S. Quantifying pesticide efficacy from multiple field trials. Population Ecology. 2019;61:450–456 Available:https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-390X.12019

Hugh Smith, Adam Dale, and Julien Beuzelin. Understanding insecticide modes of action and resistance management in Florida horticulture. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication; 2022. Available:https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1379.

Augustine I Airaodion, Ada C Ngwogu, Anthony U Megwas, John A Ekenjoku and Kenneth O Nwogu. International Journal of Research and Reports in Gynaecology. 2019;2(1):1-8.

Article no. IJRRGY.55113

Saha SK, Pathak NN. Lipids In: Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition, springer, Singerpore; 2021. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9125-9 _ 8

Guo R, Chen Y, Borgard H, Jijiwa M, Nasu M, He M, Deng Y. The function and mechanism of lipid molecules and their roles in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. Molecules. 2020;21;25(20): 4864. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204864. PMID: 33096860; PMCID: PMC7588012.

Marsh, C. (Ed.). Reproductive Hormones. Intech Open; 2021.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91499

Oduwole OO, Peltoketo H, Huhtaniemi IT. Role of follicle-stimulating hormone in spermatogenesis. Frontiers in Endocrinology.2018;9:427599. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00763.

Hanlon C, Takeshima K, Bédécarrats GY. Changes in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis across three differentially selected strains of laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;12:651491. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.651491.

Nassar GN, Leslie SW. Physiology, Testosterone. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526128/

Betz D, Fane K. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532950/.

Makrigiannakis A, Vrekoussis T, Zoumakis E, Kalantaridou SN, and Jeschke U. The Role of HCG in Implantation: A Mini-Review of Molecular and Clinical Evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017;18(6). Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18061305

Oyatogun O, Sandhu M, Barata-Kirby S, Tuller E, and Schust DJ. A rational diagnostic approach to the “phantom hCG” and other clinical scenarios in which a patient is thought to be pregnant but is not. Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health; 2021 Available:https://doi.org/10.1177/26334941211016412

Hidayat R, and Patricia Wulandari. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Technique Guideline. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research. 2021;5(5): 447-453.

Available:https://doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i5.228

Li-Hua Li Ewelina P. Dutkiewicz, Ying-Chen Huang, Hsin-Bai Zhou, Cheng-Chih Hsu. Analytical methods for cholesterol quantification. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2019l;27(20): 375-386 Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.001

Kawano M, Hokazono E, Osawa S. A novel assay for triglycerides using glycerol dehydrogenase and a water-soluble formazan dye, WST-8. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2019;56(4):442-449. DOI:10.1177/0004563219830715

Friedwald, Levy and Fredrickson equation; 1972.

Hafiane A, and Genest J. High density lipoproteins: Measurement techniques and potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. BBA Clinical. 2015;3:175-188.

Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.01.005.

Islam SMT, Osa-Andrews B, Jones PM, Muthukumar AR, Hashim I, Cao J. Methods of Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Measurement: Analytical and Clinical Applications. EJIFCC. 2022;12; 33(4):282-294.

PMID: 36605300; PMCID:

PMC9768618.

Pathak VM, Verma VK, Rawat BS, Kaur B, Babu N, Sharma A, et al. Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:962619. Available:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.962619

Yan TL, Zhu XJ, Du HH, Ding XW, Niu DS, Li J. Relationship between pesticide exposure and lipid metabolism in population. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2022; 20;40(1):24-27.

DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20210126-00053.

Pothu UK, Thammisetty AK, and Nelakuditi LK. Evaluation of cholinesterase and lipid profile levels in chronic pesticide exposed persons. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2019;8(6):2073-2078. Available:https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_239_19

Nguyen HT, Polimati H, Annam SSP, Okello E, Thai QM, et al. Lobaric acid prevents the adverse effects of tetramethrin on the estrous cycle of female albino Wistar rats. PLOS ONE. 2022;17(7):e0269983. Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269983

Ghosh R, Banerjee B, Das T, Jana K, Choudhury SM. Antigonadal and endocrine-disrupting activities of lambda cyhalothrin in female rats and its attenuation by taurine. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2018;34(3):146-157. DOI:10.1177/0748233717742291

Suresh C. Joshi, Bhawna Bansal & Nakuleshwar D. Jasuja X. Evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity of cypermethrin in male albino rats, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2022;93:3:593-602, DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2010.537441

Airaodion augustine i. airaodion, ada c. ngwogu2, anthony u. megwas

john a. ekenjoku4 and kenneth o. ngwogu. effect of common household insecticides used in Nigeria on rat male reproductive hormones. international journal of research and reports ingynaecology. 2019;2(1):1-8.

Mazaheri F, Aliabad KK, Kalantar SM, Ziya, N, Khoradmehr A, and Anvari M. Effects of phosalone plant pesticide on sperm parameters and sexual hormone levels in Wistar rats: An experimental study. International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine. 2020;18(9): 785-794 Available:https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i9.768.